Research Highlights

• Rubisco
• Cyanobacterial and aquatic CO2 Concentrating mechanisms
• Photosynthetic carbon metabolism and water relations
• Publications

Rubisco

•  Relocating the Rubisco small subunit gene to the chloroplast . The gene for the small subunit of the central photosynthetic CO2-fixing enzyme, Rubisco, was relocated in functional form to the plastid chromosome of tobacco. This engineered reversal of the endosymbiotic migration of genes demonstrated the intricacy of the mechanisms for assembling the subunits of Rubisco in plants (Whitney and Andrews[2001] Plant Cell 13: 193-205).

•  Replacing the Rubisco large subunit gene . The Rubisco of tobacco was replaced completely with a structurally simpler and essentially unregulated version from a proteobacterium, resulting in fertile plants that were fully autotrophic and high-CO2-requiring. This first replacement of Rubisco in higher plants is an important milestone on the route to replacement of plant Rubiscos with more efficient forms (Whitney and Andrews [2001] Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98: 14738-14743).

•  Computational analysis of the Rubisco reaction mechanism . Key steps in the mechanism of CO2 fixation by Rubisco were dissected computationally usually an extended fragment of the active site that included the central magnesium ion and its ligands. The results underscored the critical and unprecedented importance of a carbamylated lysyl residue in several of the steps and focussed attention on possible strategies for reducing the activation energy of the C-C bond cleavage late in the sequence (Mauser, King, Gready and Andrews [2001] J. Amer. Chem. Soc. 123: 10821-10829).

 •  Site directed mutagenesis of Rubisco in higher plants. Detailed biochemical characterisation of the first site-directed mutant of a higher-plant Rubisco, which we constructed by chloroplast transformation (Whitney, von Caemmerer, Hudson and Andrews [1999] Plant Physiol. 121: 579-588), revealed the interconnection between abortive side reactions of the catalytic process and regulatory ligands (Pearce and Andrews [2003] J. Biol. Chem. 278: 32526-32536).

Cyanobacterial and aquatic CO2 concentrating mechanisms

•  Unique CO2 uptake systems in cyanobacteria. Identification of the first genetic and physiological evidence that the gene operon ndhF3-ndhD3-ChpY codes for components of a specialised NADPH dehydrogenase complex (3 of a total of 12 subunits) involved in inducible, high affinity CO2 uptake in cyanobacteria; this work also laid the case for the existence of several functional classes of NDH-1 complex in cyanobacteria (Klughammer et al.[1999], Mol. Microbiol . 32:1305-1315). We subsequently discovered the existence of a second class of NDH-1 complex involved in constitutively expressed, low affinity CO2 uptake; this system requires ndhF4 , ndhD4 and chpX as unique subunits (Maeda et al [2002] Mol Microbiol. 43:425-436). We formulated a new mechanistic model for NDH-1-driven CO2 uptake that proposes the essential generation of an hydroxyl residue on a specialized hydration protein (ChpX or ChpY) uses NADPH or Ferredoxin as an energy source in the light ( Price et al [2002] Functional Plant Biol 29: 130-149 ). We have also provided data suggesting that the two CO2 uptake systems present in cyanobacteria play a key role in the minimization of CO2 efflux from the cell .

•  High affinity HCO3- transport in cyanobacteria . We participated in presentation of the first compelling evidence that cmpABCD gene operon codes for an inducible, high affinity HCO3- transporter (BCT1) in Synechococcus PCC7942 (with Japanese colleagues; Omata et al.[1999] P.N.A.S . 96:13571-13576). This ATP-driven transporter is present in some freshwater cyanobacteria and maybe a determining factor in survival at alkaline pH where CO2 is scarce but HCO3- is generally abundant (Badger et al. [2002] Functional Plant Biol 29:161-173). We also published the first definitive evidence that CmpA (periplasmic binding protein for BCT1) binds HCO3- with high affinity and specificity (Maeda et al [2000] J Biol Chem 275: 20551-55).

•  Regulation of genes in response to CO2 availability . Developed and applied new techniques (based on real-time, reverse transcriptase PCR) that have allowed sensitive and quantitative assessment of changes in the abundance of up to 40 gene transcripts in cyanobacteria in response to changes in CO2 availability (McGinn et al [2003] Plant Physiol 132:218-229; Woodger et al [2003] Plant Physiol 133:2069-2080; McGinn et al [2004] Plant Cell & Environment in press ). Genes for the HCO3- transporters ( sbtA , bicA and cmpABCD ) and the CO2 transporter ( ndhF3-ndhD3-ChpY ) were found to be highly responsive to CO2 limitation. The nature of the signal involved in sensing CO2 limitation has been refined.

•  A new class of HCO 3 - transporter in marine cyanobacteria . Recently discovered and characterised a new type of Na+-dependent, medium-affinity HCO 3 - transporter (BicA) present in the coastal cyanobacterium Synechococcus PCC7002, the deep-sea cyanobacterium Synechococcus WH8102 and in the freshwater cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC6803. BicA belongs to a diverse group of anion transporters commonly referred to as SulP family. Close homologs of the transporter are present in the genome databases of all marine cyanobacteria analysed so far. We propose that BicA may be crucial for HCO 3 - uptake in marine cyanobacteria (Price et al. 2004).

•  Cyanobacterial genome analysis identifies CCM diversity and evolution. With the rapid appearance of up to 13 cyanobacterial genomes this information has been used to identify aspects of the extent to which there is evolutionary and functional diversity of components of the CCM in cyanobacteria (Badger et al [2002] Functional Plant Biol 29:161-173; Badger & Price [2003] J Expt Bot 54:609-622). This has lead to the identification of a and b - cyanobacteria that contain two different types of carboxysomes with distinct evolutionary origins. There is also considerable diversity in the suites of Ci transporters present in the genome, being related to freshwater and marine environments.

•  Symbiotic dinoflagellates possess active CCMs. In collaborative research (Leggat et al. [1999] Plant Physiol 121:1247-1255; Leggat et al [2002] Functional Plant Biol 29:309-322), we helped identify that both free-living and symbiotic forms of Symbiodinium dinoflagellates possess and active CCM with CO2 and HCO3- uptake, accumulation of internal Ci, and modification of the affinity of its Form II Rubisco for CO2 and O2 .

•  Chlamydomonas thylakoid carbonic anhydrase is required for CCM function rather than PSII activity . We addressed the role of the PSII associated thylakoid carbonic anhydrase in the Chlamydomonas cia3 mutant (Hanson et al [2003] Plant Physiol 132:2267-2275). Physiological analysis showed that photosynthesis at low CO2 was limited not by the activity of PSII or potential electron transport, but by the affinity of carbon fixation for CO2. At low CO2, electrons were partitioned towards O2 rather than CO2. This contributes towards an understanding of the role of PSII associated CA in photosynthetic organisms.

Photosynthetic Carbon Metabolism and Water Relations

•  Photoreduction of oxygen is minimal in higher plants . In a series of papers we asked questions about the nature of photoreduction of O2 in various plant systems. Work with transgenic tobacco, with reduced Rubisco levels clearly showed that the potential for O2 to act as an alternate electron acceptor was quite limited and appeared to be regulated by coupling to electron transport to ATP consumption (ADP regeneration) (Ruuska et al. [2000] J. Exp. Bot . 51: 357-368). Higher plants maybe quite unique in this respect as algae and cyanobacteria appear to have higher levels of O2 photoreduction (Badger et al. [2000] Phil Trans. R. Soc.Lond. 355: 1433-1446). C4 plants also have limited ability for O2 photoreduction and this appears to not to vary between different biochemical subtypes (Siebke et al. [2003) Plant Cell & Environment , 26: 1963-1972).

•  Demonstrated that a large number of C4 grasses show increased growth at elevated CO2. C4 grasses dominate the vegetation of Australia 's vast and fragile rangelands. Because of the biochemical CO2 concentration mechanism of C4 photosynthesis, C4 plants were not expected to show a growth response to rising atmospheric pCO2. However, we showed that a large number of C4 grasses grow bigger under elevated pCO2, due to two main factors. First, elevated pCO2 can enhance leaf CO2 assimilation rates under high light intensity and soil nitrogen supply. Secondly, and most importantly elevated pCO2 can improve the growth of C4 plants by reducing leaf transpiration rates. Lower transpiration rates lead to reduced whole plant water use and hence, soil water conservation, and increased leaf temperature. (Ghannoum, et al. [2001] Aust. J. Plant Physiol, 28: 1207-1217).The latter is an important factor for C4 plants because C4 photosynthesis responds positively to increased leaf temperature over a wide range (Siebke, Ghannoum et al [2002] Functional Plant Biology, 29: 1377-1385). While there are large inter-specific variations in the growth response of C4 grasses to high pCO2, they all show an improvement in whole plant water use efficiency that closely matches the reduction in leaf transpiration.

•  Transgenic C4 plants with reduced carbonic anhydrase are limited by CO2.
Transgenic Flaveria bidentis plants (a C4 dicot) with a range of carbonic anydrase (CA) in the mesophyll cytosol have been generated. This has demonstrated that CA activity does not limit CO2 fixation in wild type plants, but that low levels of CA reduce CO2 fixation rates and alter the CO2 response of C4 photosynthesis. (von Caemmerer et al. [2004] Plant, Cell & Environment (in press, published online, 9 Feb 2004 ). These plants will be used in further studies to define the role of CA in carbon and oxygen isotope discrimination during C4 photosynthesis

•  A mathematical model of single cell C4 photosynthesis.
A mathematical model of single cell C4 photosynthesis was constructed. to show that C4 photosynthesis in a single C3 cell is theoretically inefficient but may ameliorate internal CO2 diffusion limitations of C3 leaves The model was designed to stimulate discussion on the feasibility of expressing C4 photosynthesis in C3 crop species such as rice( von Caemmerer, S [2003] Plant Cell & Environment 26 , 1191-1197; ).

•  Transgenic tobacco plants with reduced Rubisco have reduced guard cell electron transport rates. We used high resolution chlorophyll fluorescence imaging to show that chloroplast electron transport rates are reduced in guard cell chloroplasts of transgenic tobacco with reduced amounts of Rubisco ( von Caemmerer, et al. [2004] J. Expt Bot . (in press)). The reduction in guard cell chloroplast electron transport did not affect stomatal conductance. This has important implications for the mathematical modeling of stomatal function.

Molecular Plant Physiology Publications (1999-2005)

Journal articles

Cox SD , Lilley RM, Andrews TJ (1999) Chemiluminescence of Mn 2+ -activated Rubisco: temperature and pH responses differ between L 2 and L 8 S 8 forms, and inhibitors provide no evidence for involvement of active oxygen species. Aust J Plant Physiol 26: 475-484 .

Whitney SM, von Caemmerer S, Hudson GS, Andrews TJ (1999) Directed mutation of the Rubisco large subunit of tobacco influences photorespiration and growth. Plant Physiol 121: 579-588

Eichelmann H, Price GD, Badger MR, and Laisk A. (2000). Photosynthetic parameters of leaves of wild type and Cyt b6/f deficient transgenic tobacco studied by CO2 uptake and transmittance at 800 nm. Plant Cell Physiol . 41: 432-439.

Maeda S, Price GD, Badger MR, Enomoto C, Omata T. (2000) Bicarbonate-binding activity of the CmpA protein of the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. strain PCC 7942 involved in active transport of bicarbonate. J. Biol. Chem . 275: 20551-55.

Ludwig M, Sültemeyer D and Price GD. (2000) Isolation of ccmKLMN genes from the marine cyanobacterium, Synechococcus sp. PCC7002 (Cyanophyceae), and evidence that CcmM is essential for carboxysome assembly. J. Phycology 36: 1109-18.

Duff AP, Andrews TJ, Curmi PMG (2000) The transition between the open and closed states of rubisco is triggered by the inter-phosphate distance of the bound bisphosphate. J Mol Biol 298: 903-916

Ruuska SA, Andrews TJ, Badger MR, Price GD, von Caemmerer S (2000) The role of chloroplast electron transport and metabolites in modulating rubisco activity in tobacco. Insights from transgenic plants with reduced amounts of cytochrome b/f complex or glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Plant Physiol 122: 491-504

Ruuska SA, Badger MR, Andrews TJ, von Caemmerer S (2000) Photosynthetic electron sinks in transgenic tobacco with reduced amounts of Rubisco: little evidence for significant Mehler reaction. J Exp Bot 51: 357-368

Ruuska SA, von Caemmerer S, Badger MR, Andrews TJ, Price GD, Robinson SA (2000) Xanthophyll cycle, light energy dissipation and electron transport in transgenic tobacco with reduced carbon assimilation capacity. Aust J Plant Physiol 27: 289-300

Ghannoum O, von Caemmerer S, Ziska LH, Conroy JP (2000) The growth response of C4 plants to rising atmospheric CO2 partial pressure: a reassessment. Plant Cell and Environment 23, 931-942.

Farquhar GD, von Caemmerer S, Berry JA (2001) Models of photosynthesis. Plant Physiol 125, 42-45

Ghannoum O, von Caemmerer S, Conroy JP (2001) Carbon and water economy of Australian NAD-ME and NADP-ME C4 grasses. Aust. J. Plant Physiol 28: 213-223.

von Caemmerer S, Ghannoum O, Conroy PJ, Clark H, Newton PCD (2001) Photosynthetic responses of temperate species to free air CO2 enrichment (FACE) in a grazed New Zealand pasture. Aust. J. Plant Physiol, 28: 439-450.

Ghannoum O, von Caemmerer S, Conroy PJ (2001) Plant water use efficiency of 17 Australian NAD-ME and NADP-ME C4 grasses at ambient and elevated CO2 partial pressure. Aust. J. Plant Physiol, 28: 1207-1217.

Barbour MM, Andrews TJ, Farquhar GD (2001) Correlations between oxygen isotope ratios of wood constituents of Quercus and Pinus samples from around the world. Aust J Plant Physiol 28: 335-348

Mauser H, King WA , Gready JE, Andrews TJ (2001) CO2 fixation by Rubisco: Computational dissection of the key steps of carboxylation, hydration, and C-C bond cleavage. J Amer Chem Soc 123: 10821-10829

Sharkey TD, Badger MR, von Caemmerer S, Andrews TJ (2001) Increased heat sensitivity of photosynthesis in tobacco plants with reduced Rubisco activase. Photosynth Res 67: 147-156

Whitney SM, Andrews TJ (2001) Plastome-encoded bacterial ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RubisCO) supports photosynthesis and growth in tobacco. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98: 14738-14743

Whitney SM, Andrews TJ (2001) The gene for the ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) small subunit relocated to the plastid genome of tobacco directs the synthesis of small subunits that assemble into Rubisco. Plant Cell 13: 193-205

Whitney SM, Baldet P, Hudson GS, Andrews TJ (2001) Form I Rubisco from non-green algae are expressed abundantly but not assembled in tobacco chloroplasts. Plant J 26: 535-547

Pike CS, Grieve J, Badger MR and Price GD (2001) Thermoprotective properties of small heat shock proteins from rice, tomato, and Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 overexpressed in, and isolated from, Escherichia coli . Aust. J. Plant Physiology 28: 1219-29 .

Maeda S, Badger MR, Price GD (2002) Novel gene products associated with NdhD3/D4–containing NDH-1 complexes are involved in photosynthetic CO2 hydration in the cyanobacterium, Synechococcus sp. PCC7942. Molecular Microbiology 43: 425-436 .

Leggat W., Marendy E., Baillie B., Whitney S., Ludwig M., Badger M., Yellowlees D. (2002) Dinoflagellate symbioses: strategies and adaptation for the acquisition and fixation of inorganic carbon. Functional Plant Biology 29: 309-322

Badger MR, Hanson D and Price GD (2002) Evolution and diversity of CO2 concentrating mechanisms in cyanobacteria. Functional Plant Biology 29: 161-173 .

Price GD, Maeda S, Omata T and Badger MR (2002) Modes of active inorganic carbon uptake in the cyanobacterium, Synechococcus sp. PCC7942. Functional Plant Biology 29: 130-149.

Price GD, Badger MR (2002) Advances in understanding how aquatic photosynthetic organisms utilize sources of inorganic carbon for CO2 fixation. Functional Plant Biology 29: 117-121.

Hanson D, Andrews TJ, Badger MR (2002) Variability of the pyrenoid-based CO2 concentrating mechanism in hornworts (Anthocerotophyta). Funct Plant Biol 29: 407-416

Ghannoum O, von Caemmerer S, Conroy PJ (2002) The effect of drought on plant water use efficiency of nine NAD-ME and nine NADP-ME Australian C4 grasses. Functional Plant Biology, 29, 1337-1348

Bernacchi, CJ, Portis A.R. Nakano H. von Caemmerer S and SP Long (2002) Temperature response of mesophyll conductance; implications for the determination of Rubisco enzyme kinetics and limitations to photosynthesis in vivo . Plant Physiology, 130, 1992-1998

James RA, Rivelli RA, Munns R, von Caemmerer S (2002) Physiology of salt tolerance in durum wheat: Identifying factors affecting leaf injury and CO2 assimilation. Functional Plant Biology, 29, 1393-1403

Siebke K, Ghannoum O, Conroy PJ, von Caemmerer S (2002) Elevated CO2 increases the leaf temperature of two glasshouse grown C4 grasses. Functional Plant Biology, 29, 1377-1385

Badger MR and Price GD (2003) CO2 concentrating mechanisms in cyanobacteria: molecular components, their diversity and evolution. Journal of Experimental Botany 54: 609-22.

Benschop J, Badger MR and Price GD (2003) Characterisation of CO2 and HCO3- uptake in the Cyanobacterium, Synechocystis sp. PCC6803. Photosynthesis Research 77: 117-126.

McGinn PJ, Price GD, Maleszka R, Badger MR (2003) Inorganic carbon limitation and light control the expression of transcripts related to the CO2-concentrating mechanism in the cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. Strain PCC6803. Plant Physiology 132: 218-229.

Hanson DT, Franklin LA, Samuelsson G, Badger MR (2003). The Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cia3 mutant lacking a thylakoid lumen-localized carbonic anhydrase is limited by CO2 supply to Rubisco and not photosystem II function in vivo . Plant Physiology 132 : 2267-2275.

Woodger FJ, Badger MR, Price GD (2003) Inorganic carbon limitation induces transcripts encoding components of the CO2-concentrating mechanism in Synechococcus sp. PCC7942 through a redox-independent pathway. Plant Physiology 133: 2069-2080.

Andrews TJ, Whitney SM (2003) Manipulating ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase in the chloroplasts of higher plants. Arch Biochem Biophys 414: 159-169

Emlyn-Jones D, Price GD, Andrews TJ (2003) Nitrogen-regulated hypermutator strain of Synechococcus sp for use in invivo artificial evolution. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69: 6427-6433

Lilley RM, Wang XQ, Krausz E, Andrews TJ (2003) Complete spectra of the far-red chemiluminescence of the oxygenase reaction of Mn 2+ -activated ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase establish excited Mn 2+ as the source. J Biol Chem 278: 16488-16493

Pearce FG, Andrews TJ (2003) The relationship between side reactions and slow inhibition of ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase revealed by a loop 6 mutant of the tobacco enzyme. J Biol Chem 278: 32526-32536

Whitney SM, Andrews TJ (2003) Photosynthesis and growth of tobacco with a substituted bacterial Rubisco mirror the properties of the introduced enzyme. Plant Physiol 133: 287-294

von Caemmerer S, Furbank RT, (2003) The C4 pathway: An efficient C4 pump invited minireview, Photosynthesis Research 77, 191-207

von Caemmerer, S ,(2003) Invited opinion: C4 photosynthesis in a single C3 cell is theoretically inefficient but may ameliorate internal CO2 diffusion limitations of C3 leaves. Plant Cell & Environment 26, 1191-1197.

Kubien DS, von Caemmerer S, Furbank RT, Sage F (2003) C4 photosynthesis at low temperature: a study using transgenic plants with reduced amounts of Rubisco Plant Physiology, 132, 1577-1585.

Siebke K, Ghannoum O, Conroy JP, Badger MR, von Caemmerer S (2003) Photosynthetic oxygen exchange in C4 grasses: the role of oxygen as electron acceptor Plant Cell & Environment, 26:1963-1972.

Ghannoum O , Conroy JP, Driscoll SP, Paul MJ, Foyer CH, and Lawlor DW (2003) Non-stomatal limitations are responsible for drought-induced photosynthetic inhibition in four C4 grasses. New Phytologist 159 , 835-844.

Bethke PC, Badger MR, Jones RL (2004). Apoplastic synthesis of nitric oxide by plant tissues. Plant Cell 16 : 332-341.

Pellny T, Ghannoum O , Conroy JP, Schluepmann H, Smeekens S, Andralojc J, Krause K-P, Goddijn O, Paul MJ (2004) Genetic modification of photosynthesis with E. coli genes for trehalose synthesis. Plant Biotechnology Journal 2 , 71-82.

von Caemmerer S, Quinn V, Hancock NC, Price GD, Furbank RT, and M Ludwig (2004) Carbonic anhydrase and C4 photosynthesis: a transgenic analysis. Plant, Cell & Environment 27 ,697-703

Gustiananda, M., Liggins, J. R., Cummins, P. L. & Gready, J. E. (2004).  Conformation of prion protein repeat peptides probed by FRET measurements and MD simulations. Biophys. J . 86, 2467-2483

Leggat W, Whitney SM , Yellowlees D. Is coral bleaching due to the instability of the dark reactions? Symbiosis 37: 137-154.

McGinn PJ, Price GD, Badger MR (2004) High Light Enhances the Expression of Low-CO2 Inducible Transcripts Involved in the CO2 -Concentrating Mechanism in Synechocystis sp. PCC6803. Plant, Cell & Environment 27: 615-626.

Price GD, Woodger FJ, Badger MR, Howitt SM, Tucker L (2004) Identification of a SulP-type bicarbonate transporter in marine cyanobacteria. Proceedings National Academy Science ( USA ) 101 (52): 18228-18233 .

Ragusa SR, McNevin D, Qasem S, Mitchell, C (2004). Indicators of biofilm development and activity in constructed wetlands microcosms. Water Research 38(12): 2865-2873.

von Caemmerer S, Lawson T, Oxborough K, Baker N, Andrews TJ, CA Raines (2004) Stomatal conductance does not correlate with photosynthetic capacity in transgenic tobacco with reduced amounts of Rubisco. J. Exp Bot . 55; 1157-1166 .

von Caemmerer S, Quinn V, Price GD, Furbank RT , Ludwig M (2004) Carbonic anhydrase and C4 photosynthesis: A transgenic analysis. Plant Cell & Environment 27: 697-703.

Woodger FJ, Jacobsen, JV and Gubler, F (2004). GMPOZ, a BTB/POZ domain nuclear protein, is a regulator of hormone responsive gene expression in barley aleurone. Plant and Cell Physiology 45:945-950.

Husain S, von Caemmerer S, Munns R (2004) Control of salt transport form roots to shoots of wheat in saline soil. Functional Plant Biology, 31, 1115-1126.

Ghannoum O, Evans JR, Chow Wah Soon, Andrews TJ, Con roy PJ , von Caemmerer S , (2005) Faster Rubisco is the key to superior nitrogen-use efficiency in NADP-malic enzyme relative to NAD-malic enzyme C4 grasses. Plant Physiology 137, 638-650.

von Caemmerer S, Hendrickson L , Quinn V, Vella N, Millgate AG, Furbank RT (2005) Reductions of Rubisco activase by antisense RNA in the C4 plant Flaveria bidentis reduces Rubisco carbamylation and leaf photosynthesis. Plant Physiology 137, 747-755.

In Press

Baker RT, Catanzariti A, Karunasekara Y, Soboleva TA, Sharwood R, Whitney SM and Board PG. Using deubiquitylating enzymes as research tools. Methods in Enzymology .

McNevin D, Wilson-Wilde L, Robertson J, Kyd J, Lennard C. Short tandem repeat (STR) genotyping of keratinised hair - Part 1: Review of current status and knowledge gaps. Forensic Science International .

McNevin D, Wilson-Wilde L, Robertson J, Kyd J, Lennard C. Short tandem repeat (STR) genotyping of keratinised hair - Part 2: An optimised genomic DNA extraction procedure reveals donor dependence of STR profiles. Forensic Science International.

McNevin D, Wilson-Wilde L, Robertson J, Kyd J, Lennard C. Use of Shortened Amplicons for STR Genotyping of Human Keratinised Hair. Journal of Forensic Sciences .

Mullineaux, C.W. & Emlyn-Jones, D. (2004). ‘State Transitions – an example of acclimation to low-light stress.' Journal of Experimental Botany .

Woodger, F.J., Jacobsen, J.V., Chandler , P.M. and Gubler, F. (2004) Gibberellin Action in Germinated Cereal Grains. In: PJ Davies, ed , Plant Hormones; physiology, biochemistry and molecular biology. Martinus Nijhoff, Dordrecht , in press .

BOOK CHAPTERS

von Caemmerer S and Furbank RT (1999) The modelling of C4 photosynthesis. In: The biology of C4 photosynthesis (ed, R Sage ). Academic Press, p169-207.

von Caemmerer, S and Farquhar GD (1999) Leaf gas exchange: a case study on development of A:pi curves. Plants in Action (eds. Atwell BJ et al.) Chapter 1 Macmillan Press, Melbourne.

von Caemmerer S and Quick P (2000) Rubisco: physiology in vivo. In : Advances in photosynthesis “Photosynthesis: Physiology and Metabolism (ed RC Leegood, TD Sharkey, and S von Caemmerer) Kulwer Academic Publishers Dorecht, Boston , London ), p 85-113.

von Caemmerer, S (2000) Biochemical models of photosynthesis. Techniques in Plant Sciences, No.2 CSIRO Publishing , Australia

Evans JR, von Caemmerer S, (2000) Would C4 rice produce more biomass than C3 rice? Workshop on The quest to reduce hunger: Redesigning rice photosynthesis. International Rice Research Insititute Los Banos, laguna, Philippines (Nov 1999)

Siebke K, Ghannoum O, Conroy JP, von Caemmerer S (2001) Leaf temperature of C4 grasses is increased in elevated CO2 in a glasshouse. Proceedings of the XIIth International Congress on Photosynthesis, CSIRO Publishing.

Ghannoum O, von Caemmerer S, Conroy JP (2001) Growth and water use efficiency of NAD-ME and NADP-ME C4 grasses exposed to a drying soil. (Photosynthessis Congress Brisbane ) Proceedings of the XIIth International Congress on Photosynthesis, CSIRO Publishing.

Emlyn-Jones D, Whitney SM, Price GD, Andrews TJ (2001) Substitution of foreign Rubiscos in the cyanobacterium, Synechococcus PCC7942 . In PS2001 Proceedings: 12th International Congress on Photosynthesis, CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne , S16-015

Lilley RM, Wang X-Q, Krausz E, Andrews TJ (2001) Spectroscopic studies of chemiluminescence by Mn ++ -activated Rubisco: Singlet oxygen is entirely absent and the emission spectrum differs between forms of Rubisco . In PS2001 Proceedings: 12th International Congress on Photosynthesis, CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne , S16-016

Pearce FG, Andrews TJ, Kane HJ, Whitney SM (2001) A mutation in the Rubisco large subunit reduces the decline in activity during catalysis . In PS2001 Proceedings: 12th International Congress on Photosynthesis, CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne , S16-012

Saska I, Whitney SM, Andrews TJ (2001) Activation of Rubisco from non-green algae. In PS2001 Proceedings: 12th International Congress on Photosynthesis, CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne , S16-019

Sharwood RE, Whitney SM, Andrews TJ (2001) A comparison of the effectiveness of the promoters and 5' regions of two plastid genes in directing the synthesis of Rubisco small subunits in tobacco plastids . In PS2001 Proceedings: 12th International Congress on Photosynthesis, CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne , S16-017.

Whitney SM, Andrews TJ (2001) Bacterial Rubisco supports the photosynthetic growth of tobacco . In PS2001 Proceedings: 12th International Congress on Photosynthesis, CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne , S16-014

Roy H, Andrews TJ (2000) Rubisco: Assembly and Mechanism . In RC Leegood, TD Sharkey, S von Caemmerer, eds, Photosynthesis: Physiology and Metabolism, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht , pp 53-83.

Badger MR, Spalding MH (2000) CO2 acquisition, concentration and fixation in cyanobacteria and algae. In RC Leegood, TD Sharkey, S von Caemmerer, eds, Photosynthesis: Physiology and Metabolism, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht , pp 369-397.

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