`*J`Jp @@@ @@@@ t)JPJ EN DB J     & . / [? 7{ B k J UZ Malone20010h!B Manes1971F Manes1975UMariotti20028 Marty2004: Masarik2001U Masoni20020 Matsoukas2005 Matsoukas2006McArthur2007 McGettigan2006b Mearns19999?Mendonca1991 Menne2001 Meyer2007/MillsIn pressl Minnis20050 Minnis2006 Mishchenko2007XMontanes Rodriguez2004Montanes-Rodriguez2005U Moonen2002eMorawska-Horawska1985 Moreshet1992 Moreshet1992Moreshet1993Moreshet1994 Motoya20050: Muscheler2001 Myneni20032? Nelson19914 Nelson20044 Nelson20062 Noble2001 Norris2007[ Novakov2002G Nunez1993 Ohmura1989 Ohmura1993) Ohmura1998 Ohmura2001a  Ohmura20027 Ohmura20048 Ohmura20040m Ohmura2005 Ohmura20050 Ohmura2006 Ohmura2006 Ohmura20060 Ohmura2007 Olsen2006 Osborne2006H Palle2001I Palle2002J Palle2002X Palle2004 Palle2005Parlange19988Parlange2001Parlange2004$ Patterson1986Pavlakis20055Pavlakis20066 Penner20070 Peterson1995RPeterson20000Peterson200108 Philipona2004 Philipona2004 Philipona2005o Pinker2005Podgorny20050  Power2001# Power20030 Power2003/PowerIn pressl Priestley2005, Przybylack1999 Qian2006j Qin2004 R. A. Ruedy2007 Rajagopalan2007K Raju1982 Ramana20052 Ramana20072q Ramanathan2000} Ramanathan2001 Ramanathan2005 Ramanathan2005 Ramanathan2005 Ramanathan2006 Ramanathan2007 Ramirez2004 Ramrez2005 Rayner2007 Reddy2006 Remer2005 Remer2006v Ren2005 Riihimaki2007F Riindsberger1975i Rimbu2004L Rimmer1937 Roberts2007=Robinson1982Robinson20060 Robock2006 Robock20072Roderick20011Roderick20023Roderick2003Roderick2004Roderick2005Roderick2006Roderick2006Roderick2007Roderick2007| Rodhe2003 Rodriguez2007 Roeckner20045RoecknerIn pressm Roesch2005 Romanou2005 Romanou2007 Rose20072} Rosenfeld2001 Rosenfeld2005Q Rossow1985 Rossow2007ZRotem Schwarzbard2004Rotstayn2006Rotstayn2007Rotstayn2007 Ruckstuhl2005 Rudich20050* Russak1990 Russak19969m Russak2005 Sadras20070 Saito2005qSatheesh2000b Saylor19999[ Schichtel2002~ Schiermeier2005QSchiffer1985 Schneider2004 Schulz2006|Schwartz2003Schwartz2005 Schwarzbard2005 Scott2007kSeinfeld2005MSekihara1973 Shenbin2006 Shi2005 Shi2006 Sikka2005Simelton2007 Smith2005 Smolander2003 Speranskaya2001 Stackhouse2006u Stadnik1996.Stadnyuk19949N Stahle1991 Stanhill1992 Stanhill1992rStanhill1992Stanhill1993Stanhill1994Stanhill1994Stanhill1995Stanhill1995Stanhill1996Stanhill1996Stanhill1997Stanhill1997Stanhill1998-Stanhill1998aStanhill2000Stanhill2001Stanhill2002Stanhill2002Stanhill2003gStanhill2004pStanhill2005Stanhill2005Stanhill2007b Steiner1999Stenberg2003? Stone19914 Stone2004 Stone2006 Stott2006 Streets2006O Sun2000 Sun2006 Sun20069 Suraqui1974Szilagyi2001Szilagyi2001Szilagyi20079 Tabor1974Takemura20060 Tang20077{ Tanre2002] Tegen2002 Thomas2000 Thomas2000 Thomas2005 Thomas20066 Thue-Hansen2006 Tian2003 Travis2002 Travis20077 Trenberth1999 Trenberth2006mTsvetkov2005 Turral2007k Valero20050( van den Hurk1995Vardavas2005uVardavas2006u Vignola2007 Vimont20070 Vogelmann2005 W. B. Rossow20077: Wagner2001 Walter2004b Wang19999 Wang2003 Wang20050 Wang20072 Washington2005( Welgraven1995 Wendell2006 Weston2007lWielicki2005Wielicki2007) Wild19989_ Wild1998 Wild200207 Wild20048 Wild20040m Wild2005 Wild2005 Wild20050 Wild2007 Wild20070 Wild20070 Wilks2004 Willmott2001 Winker20070l Wong20052 Wu2006 Wu2006 Xi20060 Xia2005V Xu2001T Xu2004ov Xu20055 Xu20050 Xu2005 Xu20060 Xu2006 Xu20070 Yang20066 Yang2006 Yang20077 Ye Qi2006 Yin2006b Yu1999e Yu2006 Yunfeng2006 Zeng2004j Zhang2004o Zhang2005 Zhang2005 Zhang2006 Zhang2007 Zhang2007 Zhao20050 Zheng2006. Zhitorchuk1994d Zhou1995h Zhou1998b Zhou19999z Zhou2001 Zhou20062Zhuravin20010Zhuravin20010Zhuravin20010Zhuravin20010Zhuravin20010Zhuravin20010 Rossow1985ZRotem Schwarzbard2004 Ruckstuhl2005 Rudich20050* Russak1990 Russak19969m Russak2005̋ Saito2005qSatheesh2000b Saylor19999[ Schichtel2002~ Schiermeier2005QSchiffer1985̅ Schneider2004 Schulz2006|Schwartz2003̒Schwartz2005̑ Schwarzbard2005kSeinfeld2005MSekihara1973̇ Shi2005 Sikka2005 Speranskaya2001 Stadnik1996.Stadnyuk19949N Stahle1991 Stanhill1992 Stanhill1992rStanhill1992Stanhill1993Stanhill1994Stanhill1994Stanhill1995Stanhill1995Stanhill1996Stanhill1996Stanhill1997Stanhill1997Stanhill1998-Stanhill1998aStanhill2000Stanhill2001Stanhill2002Stanhill2002Stanhill2003gStanhill2004nStanhill2005pStanhill2005̐Stanhill2005f Steif1992b Steiner1999? Stone19914 Stone2004 Stott2006O Sun20009 Suraqui1974Szilagyi20019 Tabor1974Takemura20060{ Tanre2002] Tegen2002 Thomas2000̍ Thue-Hansen2006 Travis2002mTsvetkov2005k Valero20050( van den Hurk1995: Wagner2001̅ Walter2004b Wang19999 Wang20050 Washington2005( Welgraven1995lWielicki2005) Wild19989_ Wild1998 Wild200207 Wild20048 Wild20040m Wild2005̌ Wild2005̕ Wild20050 Wilks2004 Willmott2001l Wong20052 Wu2006̛ Xia2005V Xu2001T Xu2004ov Xu20055 Xu20050 Xu2005̔ Xu20060 Yang20066 Yin2006b Yu1999e Yu2006̗ Zeng2004j Zhang2004o Zhang2005 Zhang2005 Zhao20050 Zheng2006. Zhitorchuk1994d Zhou1995h Zhou1998b Zhou19999z Zhou2001̖ Zhou20062Zhuravin20010   AuthorsJournals EKeywords R                               J XAbakumova, G. M. al., et Alan Robock Allen, M.R. Alpert, P. Altmann, G.Anderson, T. L.Anderson, T.L. Angell, J.K. Arimoto, R. Asanuma, J.AShanina, I.N. B. Liepert Bailey, W. G. Balkanski, Y. Ball, R.J.Baltzer, J. L.Baranoski, G. V. G.Bauerle, W. L. Bee, J. Bellouin, N. Bergin, M. Berry, S. L. Bettge, T. Betts, R. A. Biggs, T. W. Biggs, T.W. Black, Kevin Bond, T. Boucher, O. Bousquet, L. Bowden, J. D.Brodersen, C. R. Brown, T. C. Brutsaert, W. Budyko, M. Buermann, W.Burn, Donald H. Butler, C.J. Cai, W. Cairns, B. Cairns, Brian Carbaugh, G.Carleton, A.M.Carlson, Barbara E. Carter, G. A. Casadio, S. Cerveny, R.S.Chameides, W.L.Changnon, S.A.Charlson, R.J.Chattopadhyay, N. Che, H.Z. Chen, D. Chen, D. L. Chen, W.M.Chih-Pei Chang Chin, M.Chivkunova, O. B.Christopher, S. Chung, C. Chung, C. E. Chung, Chul Chylek, P.Cleaveland, M.K. Cohen, S. Cong, Z. Congbin FuCorrigan, Craig Cotton, G.F. Cox, P. M. Crutzen, P.J.Cutforth, H. W.D. Longenecker D. W. Nelson($da Silva, Vicente de Paulo Rodrigues Dai, A. Davis, PhillDe Bruin, H.A.R. DeCola, P.DelGenio, A. D. Dima, M. Dix, M. R.Doelling, D. R.doi:10.1029/2006GL027585. Dong, X. Drakakis, E. Dubey, M. K. Dudley, J. B. Durr, B. Dutton, E. G. Dutton, E.G. Enriquez, S. Ercoli, L. Evan, A. T. Evans, J. R.Evans, John R. Fabian, P. Farhadi, A.Farquhar, G. D.Farquhar, G.D. Feichter, J.Feigelson, E. M. Feingold, G. Feng, Y. Fgrassl, H. Fischer, H Forgan, B. Fotiadi, A.Fu, Q Fung, I. Y. G. A. Schmidt G. Carbaugh Gaeggeler, H. Gao, G. Gedney, N. Geleyn, J.-FGeogdzhayev, Igor V. Georgi, F. Gilgen, H. Ginoux, P.Goeldi-Cheda, B. Goldberg, B. Goldreich, Y.Golubev, V. S. Gong, W. Goode, P. R. Goode, P.R. Gorley, B. Goyal, A.Grimenes, A. A.Groisman, P. Ya.Groisman, P.Y.Guanhua, Huang Guetta, D. Guo, J. Haginoya, S. Hame, T. Hansen, J. Harris, J. M. Harris, J.M. Hatch, D.J.Hatzianastassiou, N.Hatzidimitriou, D. Hayasaka, T He, Q.Heidinger, A. K. Heimo, A.Heintzenberg, J. Henderson, M.Henderson-Sellers, A. Hertzman, O. Herzog, M.Hesch, Nicole M.Hobbins, M. T. Hobbins, M.T. Hu, J. N. Huang, Y. Hudson, J. Hulme, M.Huntingford, C. Husar, R.B. Ianetz, A. Idso, S.B. Ingram, W.J. Ito, A.Jacquemoud, S. Jauregui, E.Johnson, D. M. Jones, Mike Jones, P.A. Joseph, J.H. Judiesch, D. Kahler, D. M. Kahn, R. Kaiser, D. P. Kaiser, D.P. Kallis, A. Kalma, J.D. Kamimera, H. Kamimura, H. Kandel, R. Kane, R.P. Karl, T.R. Katul, G. G.Kaufman, Y. J. Kaufman, Y.J. Kawamoto, K Kiang, C.S. Kiehl, J.T. Kim, D. Kim, Dohyeong Kimball, H.H. Kishcha, P. Klein, W.H. Knapp, A. K. Knutti, R.Knyazikhin, Y. Koch, D. Koonin, S. E. Koonin, S.E. Koren, I. Korshover, J. Kukla, G.J. Kumar, K.K. Lacherade, S.Lacis, Andrew A. Lang, HLauritsen, R.G.Lawrimore, J. H.Lawrimore, J.H. Lei, Z. Lelieveld, J. Lenoble, J. Lesins, G. Leung, L. R. Li, H. Li, W. Li, W.L. Li, X. Li, X.W. Liang, F.Liepert, B. G. Linacre, E.T. Liu, B. Liu, C. Liu, C. M. Liu, Li Liu, S.C. Liu, Z.Livingstone, D.M. Loeb, N. Loeb, N. G. Lohmann, G. Lohmann, S. Lohmann, U. Long, C.N.Longenecker, D. Lu, D. Luo, C.  E30Acta Meteorologica Sin.(#Agricultural and Forest Meteorology American Journal of BotanyAnnales Geophysicae$!Atmospheric Chemistry and PhysicsAtmospheric Environment0+Australian Journal of Agricultural Research("Australian Meteorological MagazineBetr. Geophys. Leipzig. Biosphere4/Bulletin of the American Meteorological SocietyClimate ResearchClimatic ChangeContr. Atm. PhysicsEOS Geo-JournalGeophysical MonographGeophysical Res. Lett Geophysical Research LettersGlobal Change BiologyTPhttp://alpine.suiri.tsukuba.ac.jp/~asanuma/research/publications/pdf/epochal.pdfHydrological Processes($International Journal of Climatology,'International Journal of Plant Sciences0-Journal of Air Pollution Control Association$Journal of Applied Meteorology Journal of Arid Environments84Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial PhysicsJournal of Climate0*Journal of Climate and Applied MeteorologyJournal of Climatology$Journal of Geophysical Research0+Journal of Geophysical Research-AtmospheresJournal of Hydrology Journal of Hydrometeorology4.Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering<9Journal of Japan Society of Hydrology and Water ResourcesJournal of Meteorology UK84Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B-Biology4.Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan82Journal of Water Resources Planning and ManagementMeteor. i Gidrol.84Ministero Agriccoltura e Foreste, Roma Collana VerdeMonthly Weather Review Nature$New Phytologist New Phytologist Oecologia@;Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London APhotosynthesis Research("Physics and Chemistry of the Earth Plant Cell and EnvironmentPolish Polar Research4/Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences Pure and Applied Geophysics,(Quarterly Journal of Applied Meteorology85Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society Remote Sensing of Environment ScienceScientia Horticulturae Solar EnergySpace Science Review Tellus(#Theoretical and Applied Climatology$Theoretical Applied Climatology$Trends in Ecology and EvolutionWater InternationalWater Resources Research Weather                     ,R Africa Aridity indexAustralia/PacificAustralia/Pacific,Class A pan evaporationClimate changeClimate-changePJEarth Sciences in Current Contents(R)/Physical, Chemical & Earth Sciences. EvaporationGlobal dimmingGlobal emissionsGreenhouse gases Gross primary productivity Land areasLight-use efficiency MaximumMinimum temperature Moscow, USSRpan observationsPOPO, PO, Africa PO, Africa, PO, Asia,PO, Australia/Pacific PO, Europe PO, Europe,PO, North America,PO, North America, FSUPO, North America, FSU, PO, SO PO, SO, Asia PO, SO, Asia,Rainfall,air temperature Reference evapo-transpirationRelative humiditySOSO, SO, Africa SO, Africa,SO, Africa, Europe,SO, AntarcticaSO, Antarctica,40SO, Antarctica, North America, Australia/Pacific41SO, Antarctica, North America, Australia/Pacific, SO, Arctic, SO, Asia,SO, Australia/Pacific, sO, Europe SO, Europe,SO, Europe, Africa, SO, FSU SO, FSU, SO, general SO, general, SO, Ireland SO, Ireland,SO, North AmericaSO, North America,0,SO, North America, Europe, Asia, Africa, FSU SO, North America, General SO, North America, general,SO, synthesis, general,LGSO, Synthesis, General, Europe, FSU, North America, Asia, South AmericaSolar Observations, Sulfur-oxidesSurface-temperature Synthesis synthesis,Synthesis, AsiaSynthesis, Asia,Synthesis, generalSynthesis, general,HCSynthesis, General, Europe, FSU, North America, Asia, South AmericaSynthesis, SO, generalSynthesis, SO, general,synthesis/reviewTrendTrend analysis Trends. 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Ohmura, A. 1998piMeans and trends of shortwave irradiance at the surface estimated from global energy balance archive dataJournal of Climate11 2042-2061CSO, synthesis, general,n,%Goeldi-Cheda, B. Ohmura, A. Heimo, A. 200182Radiation trends at the Swiss BSRN station Payerne $Smith, W. L. Timofeyev, Yu. My0)Current Problems in Atmospheric Radiation  Hampton, Va A. Deepak Publications509-512Goldberg, B. Klein, W.H. 1971PIComparison of normal incident solar energy measurements at Washington, DC Solar Energy13311-3211 SO,O~Golubev, V. S. Lawrimore, J. H. Groisman, P. Ya. Speranskaya, N. A. Zhuravin, S. A. Menne, M. J. Peterson, T. C. Malone, R. W. 2001`YEvaporation changes over the contiguous United States and the former USSR: A reassessment"Geophysical Research Letters2813 2665-2668PO, North America, FSU,i Gorley, B. 2005Global dimmingWeather 606T 174a&Grimenes, A. A. 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Vardavas, I.HAGlobal distribution of Earth's surface shortwave radiation budget(!Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Nov 1 20055ISI:000232962700001.(Hayasaka, T Kawamoto, K Shi, G Ohmura, A 2006f`Importance of aerosols in satellite-derived estimates of surface shortwave irradiance over China"Geophysical Research Letters33& L06802, doi:10.1029/2005GL025093Henderson-Sellers, A.u 19922+Continental cloudiness changes this century  Geo-Journalh273o255-262 SO,e"Hobbins, M.T. Ramirez, J.A. 2004xrTrends in pan evaporation and actual evapotranspiration across the conterminous U.S.: paradoxical or complementary"Geophysical Research Letters31 L13503 1-5[Hobbins, M. T. 2004Regional evapotranspiration and pan evaporation: complementary interactions and long-term trends across the conterminous United States"Civil Engineering Department Fort Collins, CO Colorado State University 232 PhDQ "Husar, R.B. Patterson, D.E.a 1986(!Haze climate of the United Statess ,&Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 4.Atmospheric Studies Research Laboratory, USEPAEPA/600/3-86/071SO, North America, Idso, S.B. 1972@:Solar radiation measurements augment air pollution studies4-Journal of Air Pollution Control Association622364-365 SO,tJauregui, E. Luyando, E. 1999jcGlobal radiation attenuation by ari pollution and its effects on the thermal climate in Mexico Cityo*$International Journal of Climatology19683-694 1425-1431$://000231587600004D=Johnson, D. M. Smith, W. K. Vogelmann, T. C. Brodersen, C. R.b[Leaf architecture and direction of incident light influence mesophyll fluorescence profiles American Journal of Botany SepP 2005929DISI:000231587600004A(!Jones, P.A. Henderson-Sellers, A.s 1992@:Historical records of cloudiness and sunshine in AustraliaJournal of Climate5d260-267ASO, Australia/Pacific,Joseph, J.H. Manes, A. 1971LESecular and seasonal variations of atmospheric turbidity at Jerusaleml$Journal of Applied Meteorology10453-462 SO, Africa,0"Kahler, D. M. Brutsaert, W. 2006b[Complementary relationship between daily evaporation in the environment and pan evaporationyWater Resources Research42& W05413, doi:10.1029/2005WR004541 Kaiser, D.P. 2002ngDecreasing trends in sunshine duration over China for 1954-1998: Indication of increased haze pollutiona"Geophysical Research Letters2921 2042_l:9O 1503-1512$://000229476600004cStanhill, G. Cohen, S.tnSolar radiation changes in the United States during the Twentieth Century: Evidence from sunshine measurementsJournal of Climate May 15 20051810ISI:000229476600004 Stanhill, G. 2007@9A perspective on global warming, dimming, and brighteningt EOSo88559$Streets, D. G. Wu, Y. Chin, M. 2006f_Two-decadal aerosol trends as a likely explanation of the global dimming/brightening transitionm"Geophysical Research Letters33& L15806, doi:10.1029/2006GL026471Sun, B. Groisman, P.Y. 200082Cloudiness variations over the Former Soviet Union*$International Journal of Climatology20 1097-1111\SO, FSU,4.Suraqui, S. Tabor, H. Klein, W.H. Goldberg, B. 1974D>Solar radiation changes at Mt. St. Katherine after forty years Solar Energy16155-158  SO, Africa,e0)Szilagyi, J. Katul, G. G. Parlange, M. B.a 2001HBEvapotranspiration intensifies over the conterminous United States82Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 127O6P354-362PO, North America, Szilagyi, J. 2001LEModeled areal evaporation trends over the counterminous United States4.Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 1274196-2000 Szilagyi, J. 2007XROn the inherent asymmetric nature of the complementary relationship of evaporation"Geophysical Research Letters34& L02405, doi:10.1029/2006GL028708 Thomas, A. 2000\VSpatial and temporal characteristics of potential evapotranspiration trends over China*$International Journal of Climatology20381-396 PO, Asia, Thomas, A. 2000LFClimatic changes in yield index and soil water deficit trends in China*#Agricultural and Forest Meteorology\ 102 71-81a197-202$://000226705600001p Thomas, S. C.iF?Increased leaf reflectance in tropical trees under elevated CO2Global Change Biology Feb 2005112ISI:0002267056000012+Travis, D.J. Carleton, A.M. Lauritsen, R.G. 2002zContrails reduce daily temperature range: A brief interval when the skies were clear of jets unmasked an effect on climate Nature 418 601D>Wagner, G. Livingstone, D.M. Masarik, J. Muscheler, R. Bee, J. 2001lfSome results relevant to the discussion of a possible link between cosmic rays and the Earth's climate&Journal of Geophysical ResearchQ 106D4 3381-3387. SO, general,>7Walter, M.T. Wilks, D.S. Parlange, J-Y. Schneider, R.L. 2004HAIncreasing evapotranspiration from the conterminous United States\"Journal of Hydrometeorologyb5e405-408t304-315$://000182715300005voWang, Y. J. Buermann, W. Stenberg, P. Smolander, H. Hame, T. Tian, Y. H. Hu, J. N. Knyazikhin, Y. Myneni, R. B.lA new parameterization of canopy spectral response to incident solar radiation: case study with hyperspectral data from pine dominant forest$Remote Sensing of Environment May 30 2003853ISI:000182715300005iB;Weston, S. T. Bailey, W. G. McArthur, L. J. B. Hertzman, O. 2007HAInterannual solar and net radiation trends in the Canadian Arcticm&Journal of Geophysical Researcht 112p& D10105, doi:10.1029/2006JD008000LEWielicki, B.A. Wong, T. Loeb, N. Minnis, P. Priestley, K. Kandel, R. 20056/Changes in Earth's albedo measured by satelliteScience} 308c 825}Wild, M. Liepert, B. G. 1998ZTExcessive transmission of solar radiation through the cloud-free atmosphere in GCM's"Geophysical Research Letters25 2165-2168 SO,eficit trends in China*#Agricultural and Forest Meteorology\ 102 71-81a197-202$://000226705600001p Thomas, S. C.iF?Increased leaf reflectance in tropical trees under elevated CO2Global Change Biology Feb 2005112ISI:0002267056000012+Travis, D.J. Carleton, A.M. Lauritsen, R.G. 2002zContrails reduce daily temperature range: A brief interval when the skies were clear of jets unmasked an effect on climate Nature 418 601D>Wagner, G. Livingstone, D.M. Masarik, J. Muscheler, R. Bee, J. 2001lfSome results relevant to the discussion of a possible link between cosmic rays and the Earth's climate&Journal of Geophysical ResearchQ 106D4 3381-3387. SO, general,>7Walter, M.T. Wilks, D.S. Parlange, J-Y. Schneider, R.L. 2004HAIncreasing evapotranspiration from the conterminous United States\"Journal of Hydrometeorologyb5e405-408t304-315$://000182715300005voWang, Y. J. Buermann, W. Stenberg, P. Smolander, H. Hame, T. Tian, Y. H. Hu, J. N. Knyazikhin, Y. Myneni, R. B.lA new parameterization of canopy spectral response to incident solar radiation: case study with hyperspectral data from pine dominant forest$Remote Sensing of Environment May 30 2003853ISI:000182715300005iB;Weston, S. T. Bailey, W. G. McArthur, L. J. B. Hertzman, O. 2007HAInterannual solar and net radiation trends in the Canadian Arcticm&Journal of Geophysical Researcht 112p& D10105, doi:10.1029/2006JD008000LEWielicki, B.A. Wong, T. Loeb, N. Minnis, P. Priestley, K. Kandel, R. 20056/Changes in Earth's albedo measured by satelliteScience} 308c 825}Wild, M. Liepert, B. G. 1998ZTExcessive transmission of solar radiation through the cloud-free atmosphere in GCM's"Geophysical Research Letters25 2165-2168 SO, .j:&Vm7 $Wild, M. Ohmura, A. Gilgen, H. 2004ztOn the consistency of trends in radiation and temperature records and implications for the global hydrological cycle"Geophysical Research Letters31("L11201, doi: 10.11029/2003GL091188 Synthesis,voWild, M. Gilgen, H. Roesch, A. Ohmura, A. Long, C.N. Dutton, E.G. Forgan, B. Kallis, A. Russak, V. Tsvetkov, A. 2005XRFrom dimming to brightening: Decadal changes in solar radiation at Earth's surfaceScience 308847-854Wild, M. 2005^XSolar radiation budgets in atmospheric model intercomparisons from a surface perspective"Geophysical Research Letters32& L07704, doi:10.1029/2005GL022421& Wild, M. Ohmura, A. Makowski, K. 2007@:Impact of global dimming and brightening on global warming"Geophysical Research Letters34& L04702, doi:10.1029/2006GL028031(!Wu, S. Yin, Y. Zheng, D. Yang, Q. 2006RKMoisture conditions and climate trends in China during the period 1971-2000t*$International Journal of Climatology26193-206g Xu, J. 2001VOAn analysis of climatic changes in Eastern Asia using the potential evaporation@9Journal of Japan Society of Hydrology and Water Resources14141-170 PO,u2+Xu, J. Q. Haginoya, S. Saito, K. Motoya, K. ^WSurface heat balance and pan evaporation trends in Eastern Asia in the period 1971-2000Hydrological Processes1911 2161-2186d 2005 JulaD=Climatic variations over Eastern Asia, including the Tibetan Plateau, were analysed using meteorological data for 32 points in the period 1971 to 2000. Changes in heat and water balances were examined using potential evaporation E-P, and a wetness index WI, as suggested by Kondo and Xu (1997a,b). Climate zones, including the humid, semihumid, semi-arid and and climate types, in Eastern Asia identified by the wetness index matched the vegetation distribution. Average monthly temperatures increased over the 30 years, with the sharpest increase in February. In general, temperature increases were larger in the north than in the south. Air temperature increased by more than 0.05 K yr(-1) in northern China. The data showed that diurnal temperature ranges have decreased in recent years. From the Tibetan Plateau, through central China, to southern northeast China, there has been an increase in potential evaporation and pan evaporation, which may be related to both higher temperatures and a lack of surface water. Increasing long-wave radiation flux is apparent in every month and in the interannual trends. This is in contrast to the solar radiation flux. On the other hand, trends for relative humidity and cloud cover were negative, but positive for water vapour pressure. Copyright (c) 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [References: 25]b\Xu, Ming, Chih-Pei Chang, Congbin Fu, Ye Qi, Alan Robock, David Robinson Huai-min Zhang 2006tmSteady decline of east Asian monsoon winds, 19692000: Evidence from direct ground measurements of wind speede&Journal of Geophysical Research 111(!D24111, doi: 10.1029/2006JD0073370)Yang, D. Sun, F. Liu, Z. Cong, Z. Lei, Z.n 2006voInterpreting the complementary relationship in non-humid environments based on the Budyko and Penman hypotheses\"Geophysical Research Letters33(!L18402, doi: 10.1029/2006GL027657613-666$://000235618700001Yu, H. Kaufman, Y. J. Chin, M. Feingold, G. Remer, L. A. Anderson, T. L. Balkanski, Y. Bellouin, N. Boucher, O. Christopher, S. DeCola, P. Kahn, R. Koch, D. Loeb, N. Reddy, M. S. Schulz, M. Takemura, T. Zhou, M.b\A review of measurement-based assessments of the aerosol direct radiative effect and forcing(!Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Feb 27 20066ISI:000235618700001& Zhang, Y.L. Qin, B.Q. Chen, W.M. 2004lfAnalysis of 40 year records of solar radiation data in Shanghai, Nanjing and Hangzhou in Eastern China&Theoretical Applied Climatology78217-227*#Zhang, Y. Liu, C. Tang, Y. Yang, Y.a 2007f`Trends in pan evaporation and reference and actual evapotranspiration across the Tibetan plateau&Journal of Geophysical Research 112p& D12110, doi:10.1029/2006JD0081616/Zhitorchuk, Yu.V. Stadnyuk, V.V. AShanina, I.N.a 1994jdStudy of linear trends of temporal series of solar radiation. Izvest. Akad. Nauk (Ser. Phys. Oceans)30389-396 SO,  (In Russian)53$4v?( ZDg(!Cohen, S. Ianetz, A. Stanhill, G. 2002B;Evaporative climate changes at Bet Dagan, Israel, 1964-1998i*#Agricultural and Forest Meteorologyi 111s 83-91s PO, Africa,,%Cohen, S. Liepert, B. G. Stanhill, G. 2004"Global dimming comes of ageB EOS 8538362-363u"Cutforth, H. W. Judiesch, D. 2007HBLong-term changes to incoming solar energy on the Canadian Prairie*#Agricultural and Forest Meteorologyt 145t167-175a 2004 TY - JOUR4-On climate variability in Northeast of Brazil "Journal of Arid Environments584575-596 2004/9*$da Silva, Vicente de Paulo Rodriguesf_http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6WH9-4BMC865-1/2/a2bfdca729e2ea20b92a8abe9284cd30-ztReference evapo-transpiration Class A pan evaporation Rainfall,air temperature Relative humidity Aridity index TrendThe time-series (annual period and dry- and wet-season) of eight climatic variables were analysed to ascertain the existence of climate variability in Northeast of Brazil. Results indicated generally increasing trends in most of these variables (statistically significant at p<0.01 or <0.05) by Mann-Kendall test. However, relative humidity and rainfall presented decreasing behavior. The study showed that most of the stations studied are going through a process of environmental dryness. The results also suggest that the historical trends may be related to climate variability in Northeast of Brazil, which affects both semi-arid and coastal part of the region.*#Dai, A. DelGenio, A. D. Fung, I. Y.  1997:3Clouds, precipitation and diurnal temperature range Nature 386665-666Surface-temperature Minimum temperature Global emissions Greenhouse gases Climate-change Sulfur-oxides United-states Land areas Maximum Trends. Earth Sciences in Current Contents(R)/Physical, Chemical & Earth Sciences. The diurnal range of surface air temperature (DTR) has decreased worldwide during the last 4-5 decades and changes in cloud cover are often cited as one of the likely causes. To determine how clouds and moisture affect DTR physically on daily bases, the authors analyze the 30-min averaged data of surface meteorological variables and energy fluxes from the the First International Satellite Land Surface Climatology Project Field Experiment and the synoptic weather reports of 1980-1991 from about 6500 stations worldwide. The statistical relationships are also examined more thoroughly in the historical monthly records of DTR, cloud cover, precipitation, and streamflow of this century. It is found that clouds, combined with secondary damping effects from soil moisture and precipitation, can reduce DTR by 25%-50% compared with clear-sky days over most land areas; while atmospheric water vapor increases both nighttime and daytime temperatures and has small effects on DTR. Clouds, which largely determine the geographic patterns of DTR, greatly reduce DTR by sharply decreasing surface solar radiation while soil moisture decreases DTR by increasing daytime surface evaporative cooling. Clouds with low bases are most efficient in reducing the daytime maximum temperature and DTR mainly because they are very effective in reflecting the Sunlight, while middle and high clouds have only moderate damping effects on DTR. The DTR reduction by clouds is largest in warm and dry seasons such as autumn over northern midlatitudes when latent heat release is limited by the soil moisture content. The net effects of clouds on the nighttime minimum temperature is small except in the winter high latitudes where the greenhouse warming effect of clouds exceeds their solar cooling effect. The historical records of DTR of the twentieth century covary inversely with cloud cover and precipitation on interannual to multidecadal timescales over the United States, Australia, midlatitude Canada, and former U.S.S.R., and up to 80% of the DTR variance can be explained by the cloud and precipitation records. Given the strong damping effect of clouds on the daytime maximum temperature and DTR, the well-established worldwide asymmetric trends of the daytime and nighttime temperatures and the DTR decreases during the last 4-5 decades are consistent with the reported increasing trends in cloud cover and precipitation over many land areas and support the notion that the hydrologic cycle has intensified. [References: 39]e Augh("Dai, A. Trenberth, K.E. Karl, T.R. 1999b\Effects of clouds, soil moisture, precipitation and water vapor on diurnal temperature rangeJournal of Climate12 2451-2473a2+Dai, A., Karl, T.R. Sun, B. Trenberth, K.E. 2006\URecent trends in cloudiness over the United States: A tale of monitoring inadequaciesc6/Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society.87597-606`<5De Bruin, H.A.R. van den Hurk, B.J.J.M. Welgraven, D.n 1995>8A series of global radiation at Wageningen for 1928-1992*$International Journal of Climatology15 1253-1272 SO, Europe, Dong, X. Xi, B. Minnis, P. 2006b[Observational evidence of changes in water vapor, clouds, and radiation at the ARM SGP site{"Geophysical Research Letters*$33, L19818, doi:10.1029/2006GL027132:4Dutton, E.G. Stone, R.S. Nelson, D.W. Mendonca, B.G. 1991nhRecent interannual variaitons in solar radiation, cloudiness, and surface temperature at the South Pole.Journal of Climate4848-858QSO, Antarctica,GD>Dutton, E.G. Farhadi, A. Stone, R.S.S. Long, C.N. Nelson, D.W. 2004Long-term variations in the occurrence and effective solar transmission of clouds as determined from surface-based total irradiance observations&Journal of Geophysical Research  109o(!D03204, doi: 10.1029/2003JD00356881SO, Antarctica, North America, Australia/Pacific,Rd]Dutton, E.G. Nelson, D.W. Stone, R.S. Longenecker, D. Carbaugh, G. Harris, J.M. Wendell, J.l 2006^WDecadal variations in surface solar irradiance as observed in a globally remote networkk&Journal of Geophysical Researchf 111f& D19101, doi:10.1029/2005JD0069010*Evan, A. T. Heidinger, A. K. Vimont, D. J. 2007PJArguments against a physical long-term trend in global ISCCP cloud amounts"Geophysical Research Letters34& L04701, doi:10.1029/2006GL028083&Farquhar, G. D. Roderick, M. L.s 20034-Pinatubo, diffuse light, and the carbon cyclehSciencer 299c 1997-1998Synthesis, Asia,:4Feichter, J. Roeckner, E. Lohmann, U. Liepert, B. G.In pressVONonlinear aspects of the climate response to greenhouse gas and aerosol forcing6Journal of Climate Synthesis,>7Biggs, T. W. Scott, C. A. Rajagopalan, B. Turral, H. N.n 2007TNTrends in solar radiation due to cloud and aerosols, southern India, 1952-1997*$International Journal of Climatologyin press 2006 TY - JOURpiLong-term trends in solar irradiance in Ireland and their potential effects on gross primary productivity*#Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 141 2-4s118-132e 2006/12/20\UBlack, Kevin Davis, Phill Lynch, Peter Jones, Mike McGettigan, Michael Osborne, Brucesf_http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V8W-4M57GX2-1/2/cb8ee853af5c87e22910d7670ef029bb1D>Global dimming Gross primary productivity Light-use efficiencyLong-term trends in total solar irradiance (Rs), diffuse irradiance (Rd) and pan evaporation (Epan), from various sites in Ireland, were examined over the last 20-50 years. This information was used to estimate the impact of changes in Rs and Rd on gross primary productivity (GPP) of forest, arable and grassland ecosystems. Analysis of the data indicated a significant (P < 0.0001) reduction in Rs of 19% (27.7 MJ m-2 year-1) and Rd by 16% (12.2 MJ m-2 year-1) from 1955 to 1984. However, we show Rs has remained unchanged, or even increased at some sites since the mid-1980s, whilst Rd has continued to decrease. Decreases in measured and calculated (Preistley-Taylor function) Epan between 1955 and 1984 were consistent with the observed changes in Rs. Long-term changes in Rs were associated with variations in atmospheric optical properties, as evident from a change in the slope of the relationship between the diffuse fraction (Rd:Rs) and the clearness index (Rs:Ro). At Dublin Airport an increase in Rs and Rs:Ro since the 1980s was consistent with a decrease in black smoke and sulphate concentrations. We show that combined alterations in Rs and Rd, over the last 50 years, had only a small impact on annual GPP of temperate terrestrial ecosystems (a decrease of 0.5 to 1.7 t C ha-1 decade-1). These reductions in GPP were larger in arable and grassland systems, where productivity is light-limited and particularly sensitive to changes in Rd:Rs.$Brutsaert, W. Parlange, M. B.s 199881Hydrologic cycle explains the evaporation paradoxa Nature 396r30NGSO, Synthesis, General, Europe, FSU, North America, Asia, South America Brutsaert, W.e 2006d]Indications of increasing land surface evaporation during the second half of the 20th century"Geophysical Research Letters33& L20403, doi:10.1029/2006GL027532